期刊名称：WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
The Western North American Naturalist, founded in 1939, is published quarterly by Brigham Young University. Unpublished manuscripts that further our biological understanding of western North America, including western Canada and all of Mexico, are accepted for publication.
Instructions to Authors
We present the following information to provide authors with guidelines and examples to use in preparing manuscripts submitted to the Western North American Naturalist. Although this is not a comprehensive treatment, we believe the guidelines address some of the most common problems encountered by our authors. We recommend Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th ed. (ISBN 0-521-47154-0, Cambridge University Press, 110 Midland Avenue, Port Chester, NY 10573, USA; toll-free phone 1-800-872-7423) for more in-depth discussions.
Manuscript Preparation
Using word processing software (our preference is WordPerfect for Windows 6/7/8/9), type manuscripts so they print on standard bond (8½ × 11 inches, 22 × 28 cm), leaving l-inch (2.5-cm) margins on all sides. Submit 3 hard copies to the Western North American Naturalist. (Authors should submit 5 copies of manuscripts dealing with fish.) Diskettes are not required until a manuscript has been accepted for publication and all necessary revisions made. To allow reviewers and editors sufficient space for notations, we require double-spacing throughout the manuscript--title page, abstract, text, literature cited, appendixes, tables, and figure legends. We prefer that 12-point type be used in preparing the manuscript as this helps us more accurately estimate the number of printed pages. Although we prefer left justification, full justification is acceptable if the word-processing hyphenation feature is turned off. Number all pages consecutively.
Manuscripts may be submitted as either scientific papers or notes, the major difference being the lack of an abstract and headings or subheadings in notes (see section under Abstract). In addition, notes are generally shorter communications.
Title page. Included on the title page are the title; names, addresses, telephone numbers, and fax numbers of authors; a running head; and footnotes to indicate change of address. Also, indicate the author to whom correspondence should be addressed if other than the 1st author.
The title should be specific and concise (no longer than 15 words). It identifies the article's content or main topic rather than its conclusions. If appropriate, it should include the name of the organism(s) involved. The use of order and family names for species that may be unfamiliar to many readers is appropriate.
To avoid confusion, we recommend using full names of authors rather than initials. Omit academic degrees and professional positions, but cite the department and institution in which the research was done. If the present address differs from the research institution, include the updated address for correspondence and reprint requests.
Please provide a running head of fewer than 40 letters and spaces. This is a shorter, but nevertheless descriptive, version of the title; it will appear at the top of each right-hand page of the published article.
Abstract. The abstract aids the reader in com-prehending the essence of the author's research. It should state the objectives and purpose of the study, methods and/or materials used, results, and conclusions of the research. If appropriate, scientific and common names of organisms should be included, with special emphasis on new taxa or distribution records. Limit the abstract to approximately 250 words.
Following the abstract are 6-12 key words, listed in order of decreasing importance, to be used for indexing. These words should reflect central topics of the article and may be from the title, abstract, or text. Please list key words for both notes and articles.
Text. The significance of the text or, more specifically, the author's prose style, cannot be underestimated. Ultimately, a scientific article must capture the reader's attention by the importance of its content and its clarity of expression. Chapter 6, Prose Style and Word Choice, in the CBE Style Manual offers helpful suggestions for achieving succinctness and clarity, and avoiding verbiage and distressing grammatical errors.
Although frequently avoided, particularly in scientific articles, the active voice is the one in which people usually speak and write. It is perfectly acceptable and very useful in scientific writing. Not only is active voice ("We determined") less wordy and ambiguous than passive voice ("It was determined"), but its use is also less likely to result in dangling participles and other misplaced modifiers. When appropriate, use active voice.
Verb tense is another area that deserves comment. Completed procedures and observations are described in the past tense ("was," "were"), but present tense is used when presenting directions, conclusions, gener-alizations, and references to stable or current conditions.
Because Western North American Naturalist articles cover diverse disciplines, we ask our authors to avoid excessive use of unfamiliar acronyms, abbreviations, jargon, and overly technical vocabulary. Such terms hinder interdisciplinary understanding and prevent a free exchange of ideas.
For maximum clarity, the body of the text should be divided into the following sections.
Introduction. The introduction need not be long, but it must adequately introduce the research. At the end of the introduction, clearly state the purpose of the research.
Study Site. It may be appropriate to include a description of the study area in a separate section. This usually precedes the methods section, but it may also be contained within that section.
Methods. The methods section should contain all information necessary for other researchers to duplicate the study. Descriptions of the experimental or sampling design should be clear to the reader. Use a simple figure to present this information if it helps the reader understand the procedures. Another vital part of this section is a description of all statistical procedures used.
Results. Results should be separate from the discussion. In this section state the results using text, figures, tables, or any workable combination. This section is not for interpretation of results.
Discussion. The discussion is the forum in which study results are interpreted and compared with results from other studies. Interpretations should be consistent with results, and they should correspond with the stated purpose(s) of the research.
We highly recommend the following article as one that is helpful to authors in writing and critiquing their own work:
Kuyper, B.J. 1991. Bringing up scientists in the art of critiquing research. BioScience 41:248-250.
Easily understood, effectively placed headings and subheadings help the reader quickly grasp the content and structure of the paper. The Western North American Naturalist uses 3 levels of headings within textual material.
Primary headings are centered in all capital letters. These all-cap headings will, at type-setting, be converted to caps and small caps. Authors can use the small caps feature on word processors if they wish. In general, primary headings should be restricted to Study Area, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Acknowledgments, Literature Cited, and Appendix, or variations of any of the above. Do not use Introduction as a heading; as the initial section, it logically introduces the remainder of the text.
Secondary headings are centered in upper- and lowercase letters.
Tertiary headings, set in caps and small caps using either method mentioned under primary headings, are indented from the left margin and followed by a period and a 1-em dash (the equivalent of 2 hyphens). Do not use secondary or tertiary headings unless major sections are long and/or the text is complex. In articles requiring only 2 levels of organization, tertiary headings should be used directly below primary headings.
Literature Cited. References to published literature and unpublished documents used in an article are cited in both the text and a separate bibliographic section. Unpublished documents should be used sparingly and only when published sources are unavailable and the unpublished sources can be accessed readily.
References in the text are cited by author and date: Potter (1998) or (Potter 1998). Multiple citations should be listed in chronological order (Sigler and Sigler 1987, Wilson 1996, Wilson and Belk 1996); commas are adequate separators. In citations having more than 2 authors, use "et al." after the name of the 1st author (Parker et al. 1998).
Use the heading Literature Cited for the list of references following the text. Include only references actually cited in the text. No reference should be included unless pertinent publication facts have been verified against the original document. Page numbers, for example, seem to be particularly susceptible to transposition errors. The responsibility for accuracy of reference material lies with the author, not the copy editor.
The literature must be cited alphabetically by author surname(s). Initials are usually sufficient for given names in this section. Chapter 30 in Scientific Style and Format contains general principles as well as examples of literature citations.
The Western North American Naturalist does not abbreviate titles of periodicals and names of publishers (note that this is contrary to CBE style). Include full titles as they appear on the title page but omit initial articles. The American Midland Naturalist and The Western North American Naturalist become, respectively, American Midland Naturalist and Western North American Naturalist.
As a general rule, too much bibliographical information is better than too little. Unnecessary data can be deleted.
Following are examples of the most common types of bibliographic references. Please note that authors' names are typed in upper- and lowercase with no space between initials. This format facilitates changing them at typesetting to caps and small caps, our published style. However, if desired, the submitting author can use the word processing small caps feature. Please do not use standard all caps.
Journals
Arcos, M.L., A. de Vicente, M.A. Morinigo, P. Romero, and J.J. Borrego. 1988. Evaluation of several selective media for recovery of Aeromonas hydrophila from polluted waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54:2786-2792. [Only the 1st author's name is inverted; use the 1st seven authors' names and "et al." for papers with more than 7 authors.]
Eberharadt, L.E., R.G. Anthony, and W.H. Rickard. 1989. Survival of juvenile Canada Geese during the rearing period. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:372-377. [Issue numbers are not included unless each issue has independent pagination; i.e., issue 1 is numbered 1-112, issue 2 is numbered 1-96, etc. In such cases the issue, supplement, or part number is also included in parentheses after the volume number: 3(6):42-57, 56(supplement 4):8-13, 2(3, part 4):2-15.]
Allen, K., and K. Hansen. 1999. [If the year of publication has not been determined, use "In press" in place of the date.] Geography of exotic plants adjacent to campgrounds, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Great Basin Naturalist: In press. [Volume number and pagination are omitted for in-press citations.]
Books
Bellrose, F.C. 1980. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. 3rd edition. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 540 pp.
Snedecor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran. 1971. Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames. [In this case, repeating the state following the city seems redundant inasmuch as the state is mentioned in the university name.]
Parts of books
Holden, P.B. 1991. Ghosts of the Green River: impacts of Green River on management of native fishes. Pages 43-54 in W.L. Minckley and J.E. Deacon, editors, Battle against extinction: native fish management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Proceedings
Mooers, G.B., and E.E. Willard. 1989. Critical environmental factors related to success of spotted knapweed in western Montana. Pages 126-135 in P.K. Fay and J.R. Lacey, editors, Proceedings of the 1989 Knapweed Symposium, Montana State University, Bozeman.
Theses/Dissertations
Mullin, S.J. 1998. The foraging ecology of the gray rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta spiloides Duméril, Bibron and Duméril. Doctoral dis-sertation, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
Electronic Publications
See pages 665-669 in Scientific Style and Format for examples of various types of bibliographic entries.
Miscellaneous
Horton, J.S. 1977. The development and perpetuation of the permanent tamarisk type in the phreatophyte zone of the Southwest. Pages 124-127 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, technical coordinators, Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitats: a symposium. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-43, Fort Collins, CO. [Subtitles, including the 1st word, are lowercase.]
Literature citations of reports will not be used unless adequate information has been provided for the reader to readily locate the reference.
Appendixes. Long lists or material related only indirectly to the topic should be included in an appendix. Lists of specimens examined, for example, would be appropriate.
Tables. Tables are more costly than text to typeset (even when submitted on diskette) and therefore should be used only when they are deemed the most effective means of conveying information and summarizing data. If the data can be described in a few sentences within the text, do not present the information in a table. Tables should be self-explanatory. Title, headings, and footnotes must contain sufficient information for the reader to comprehend the data without referring to the text. This will be achieved if the format is clear, simple, and well organized. Also, tables of similar information presented in similar or parallel format will aid the reader. Chapter 31 of the CBE Style Manual offers helpful suggestions on compiling, presenting, and condensing information in tabular formats.
All tables should be numbered sequentially. Each table must be typed on a separate sheet(s), given a complete, informative title, and referred to by number in the text. The title describes the topic or general trends shown in the table; it should also include species, localities, and dates of study when appropriate. Include the number of samples, i.e., n = 24, in the title or a column heading, whichever would be more helpful to the reader.
Make headings within tables brief and grammatically consistent with each other. Capitalize only the 1st word of column heads and items in row headings; do not use all uppercase letters. Footnotes to tables should be kept to a minimum. One, 2, or 3 asterisks (*) should be used for probability, P < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. Lowercase letters are used to denote additional footnotes unless they might be confused with other data within the table. In such cases numerals are acceptable.
Finally, the smaller the table, the greater the likelihood of its being printed near the corresponding text. Two-column tables and full-page tables printed vertically often are several pages away from their reference in the text.
Figures. Well-designed and prepared illustrative materials, whether photographs or black-and-white artwork, not only augment and clarify written material but also provide visual enhancement. On the other hand, poorly prepared graphics may minimize the author's or journal's credibility.
In considering the addition of illustrations to an article, be certain the text is long enough to accommodate artwork. In general, 2 pages of type-script are required for each figure or table; we prefer 3 pages. When submitting an article for review, please do not send original photographs or black-and-white artwork; high-quality photocopies are adequate.
Computer-generated graphics, which include photographs or line copy, are fairly easy to create and usually convert well to the printed page. Adobe Photoshop files, 300-400 dpi and saved as TIF or EPS files, give excellent results. We can also accommodate charts and graphs created using Microsoft Excel, Quattro Pro, Lotus, or common graphics programs.
Photographs, whether scanned at 300-400 dpi and included on diskette or submitted as originals, must have sharp focus, a full range of tonal values, and suitable contrast. Photographs that are slightly gray (low contrast) reproduce better than those with high contrast (sharp blacks and whites).
Photographs submitted as originals with the final manuscript upon acceptance by the Western North American Naturalist should be no larger than 22 × 28 cm. Ideally, the printed size will be between 50% and 100% of original size. Smaller reductions tend to darken and lose details. Photographs can also be enlarged to about 150% of original size without adversely affecting quality. Photomicrographs and electron micrographs should include a scale on the photograph or on an overlay.
Line copy is black-and-white artwork. Pre-pared on a white background with black lines, it contains no grays. Graphs, diagrams, and charts fall into this category. Most line copy is now computer generated. Quality will vary, generally depending on selection of fill patterns and line width as well as required reduction. If a chart or diagram is done by hand, technical pens will give the most evenly weighted lines suitable for graphs and charts. Flexible pens and brushes give smooth, tapered lines or softer, fuzzy effects, respectively.
Although line copy does not contain grays, the effect of gray areas can be achieved on hand-drawn art by using stippling, cross-hatching, or line contouring. Patterned screens with adhesive backings are also used.
Whether computer generated or hand drawn, art should not be enlarged for publication as enlargement reveals and often magnifies inconsistencies that may not be obvious on the original. Reductions of black-and-white artwork should rarely exceed 50%. It is important that all lines, symbols, and text be large enough on the original to withstand reduction and still maintain integrity and/or legibility.
If black-and-white artwork is scanned and submitted on diskette, it must be scanned in at 800 dpi for maximum clarity when printed.
General considerations for illustrations:
For the sake of consistency, multiple pieces of artwork for 1 article or a series of articles should be prepared, if possible, by the same artist. A uniform reduction of multiple pieces will also aid consistency.
The general ratio of 2:3, in either a vertical or horizontal orientation, will result in artwork compatible with Western North American Naturalist page and/or column dimensions.
Place necessary identifications, i.e., symbols, regression formulas, and scale bars, directly on the figure rather than in the figure legend whenever possible.
Use symbols for data points, particularly on graphs. The most common are , , , , , , , .
Identify all paper artwork on the back. Using a soft blue or gray pencil, mark author name and figure number, and indicate "top."
General Style and Usage Conventions
Because of the wide geographic area covered by the Western North American Naturalist and the variety of local conventions concerning common names of organisms, please use proper taxonomic nomenclature throughout the manuscript when referring to organisms studied. At times an author may be able to justify using the common name, but this should be discussed with the editor beforehand. Remember to use italics rather than underline.
Use a comma to separate elements (words, phrases, or clauses) of a simple series of more than 2. A comma precedes the "and" or "or" (e.g., blue grama, buffalograss, and needleleaf sedge).
Do not use boldface type in the manuscript.
The Western North American Naturalist follows Merriam Webster's Tenth Collegiate Dictionary for spelling and word-usage questions. When 2 spellings are offered, we generally use the 1st. Also, consult a good unabridged dictionary if necessary.
In numbers consisting of 2 to 4 digits, run the numerals together: 1000 and 3959. Use comma separators for numbers of 5 or more digits: 45,808. As a general rule, use numerals rather than words for numbers. Two exceptions are (1) at the beginning of a sentence and (2) where 2 numbers are adjacent within a sentence. In the latter case spell out the number easier to express in words and leave the other in numeric form (eight 50-g aliquots).
Write dates with no punctuation: 16 August 1999.
Standard abbreviations are acceptable for units of measure, directions and coordinates, statistical terms, and Latin terms (most of which no longer require italics). Acronyms and other less common abbreviations should be defined when first mentioned by writing out the term and enclosing the abbreviation in parentheses following the definition.
Editorial Board
Editor
Richard W. Baumann
290 MLBM
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT 84602
FAX 801-378-3733
Editorial Production Staff
JoAnne Abel . . . . Technical Editor
801-378-6688
e-mail:jya@email.byu.edu
FAX: 801-378-3733
Associate Editors
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JAMES C. CALLISON, JR.
Dept. of Environmental Technology
Utah Valley State College
Orem, UT 84058
BRIAN CYPHER
3104 Corvallis Ct.
Bakersfield, CA 93389
JEFFREY J. JOHANSEN
Department of Biology
John Carroll University
University Heights, OH 44118
BORIS C. KONDRATIEFF
Department of Entomology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
PAUL C. MARSH
Center for Environmental Studies
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287
JOSEPH R. MENDELSON, III
Dept. of Biology
Utah State University
Logan, UT 84322-5305
ROSEMARY PENDLETON
Forestry Sciences Lab
2205 Columbia SE
Albuquerque NM 87106 |
ROBERT NOWAK
Department of Environmental Resources Sciences
University of Nevada, Reno
Reno, NV 89557
JERRY H. SCRIVNER
Dept. of Biology
Ricks College
Rexburg, ID 83460-1100
STANLEY D. SMITH
Department of Biology
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004
LAWRENCE E. STEVENS
Box 1315
Flagstaff, AZ 86002
ROBERT C. WHITMORE
Division of Forestry
Box 6125
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506-6125
NEIL WOFFINDEN
210 E&S Bldg.
University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown
Johnstown, PA 15904 |
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