期刊名称：JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
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The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, now in its 51st year, continues to be a highly respected and trusted resource. The Journal is the official publication for 31 leading U.S. international prosthodontic organizations and is the leading professional journal devoted exclusively to prosthetic and restorative dentistry. It features timely, original articles on the newest techniques, dental materials, and research findings. Color photos illustrate many step-by-step procedures. The Journal serves prosthodontists and dentists in advanced practice. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry is included in Index Medicus and CINAHL. |
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Instructions to Authors
Length of manuscripts
Manuscript length depends on manuscript type. In general, research and clinical science articles should not exceed 10 to 12 double-spaced, typed pages (excluding references, legends, and tables). Clinical Reports and Technique articles should not exceed 4 to 5 pages, and Tips should not exceed 1 to 2 pages. The length of literature reviews is variable.
Number of authors
The number of authors is limited to 4; the inclusion of more than 4 must be justified in the letter of submission. Otherwise, contributing authors in excess of 4 will be listed after the references.
Formatting
All submissions must be typed and double-spaced. Print on only 1 side of the paper. Paper dimensions should be 8.5 × 11 inches with 1-inch margins on all sides.
Hard copy and electronic files
Please submit 3 hard copies of the manuscript and an electronic file of the text and tables on a 3.5-inch floppy disk. Microsoft Word or Corel WordPerfect are preferred word processing programs. (MAC formatting is not acceptable.) Without an electronic copy of the text and tables, we cannot submit the manuscript to our review process. If photographic prints accompany the text, 2 sets of color and 1 set of black and white should be submitted. If electronic image files are submitted, they must be accompanied by a digital proof (see “Illustrations” below for more information). We do not accept figures on a CD alone. We do not accept slides. Sending them will hold up the publication process.
Copyright transfer
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, all manuscripts must be accompanied by the following statement signed by all authors:
The undersigned author(s) transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript [title of the article] to the Editorial Council of The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry in the event that the work is published. The undersigned author(s) warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration for publication by any other journal, and has not been published previously. The author(s) confirm that any illustrations accompanying the manuscript are unaltered and that they have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Checklist for initial submission
- Letter of submission
- Copyright transfer statement signed by all authors
- Conflict of interest and financial disclaimer statement, if applicable
- Permission to reproduce previously published material, if applicable
- Informed consent for patient photographs, if applicable
- Disk or CD containing electronic files of manuscript contents
- Three copies of illustrations or electronic image files with digital proof
- Three copies of typed, double-spaced manuscript, all of which should include:
- Title page, with proper information on all authors
- Abstract
- Article proper
- References
- Tables
- Legends for illustrations
Submission address
Send all manuscripts and/or make inquiries to:
Dr. Carol A. Lefebvre, Editor
or Catherine Prysiazny, Editorial Manager
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
School of Dentistry, AD-1112
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, GA 30912-1255
Phone: (706) 721-4558
Fax: (706) 721-4571
E-mail: jpd@mcg.edu
Articles are classified as one of the following: research/clinical science article, clinical report, technique article, literature review, or tip from our readers. Required sections for each type of article are listed in the order in which they should be presented.
Research report/clinical study
The research report should be no longer than 10 to 12 double-spaced typed pages in 12-point type (standard page of 25 lines with about 250 total words) and be accompanied by no more than 12 high-quality illustrations.
- Abstract (approximately 250 words): Create a structured abstract with the following subsections: Statement of Problem, Purpose, Material and Methods, Results, and Conclusion. The abstract should contain enough detail to describe the experimental design and variables. Sample size, controls, method of measurement, standardization, examiner reliability, and statistical method used with associated level of significance should be described in the Material and Methods section. Actual values should be provided in the Results section.
- Clinical Implications: In 2 to 4 sentences, describe the impact of the study results on clinical practice.
- Introduction: Explain the problem completely and accurately. Summarize relevant literature, and identify any bias in previous studies. Clearly state the objective of the study and the research hypothesis at the end of the Introduction. Please note that, for a thorough review of the literature, most (if not all) references should first be cited in the Introduction and/or Material and Methods section.
- Material and Methods: In the initial paragraph, provide an overview of the experiment. Provide complete manufacturing information for all products and instruments used, either in parentheses or in a table. Describe what was measured and how it was measured, and provide all units of measure. List criteria for quantitative judgment. Describe the experimental design and variables, including defined criteria to control variables, standardization of testing, allocation of specimens/subjects to groups (specify method of randomization), total sample size, controls, calibration of examiners, and reliability of instruments and examiners. Statistical tests and associated P values established for significance should be described at the end of this section.
- Results: Report the results accurately and briefly, in the same order as the testing was described in the Material and Methods section. For extensive listings, present data in tabular or graphic form to help the reader. Describe the most significant findings and trends. Text, tables, and figures should not repeat each other. Results noted as significant must be validated by actual data and P values.
- Discussion: Discuss the results of the study in relation to the hypothesis and to relevant literature. If the results do not agree with other studies and/or with accepted opinions, state how and why the results differ. Agreement with other studies should also be stated. Identify the limitations of the present study, and suggest areas for future research.
- Conclusions: Concisely list conclusions that may be drawn from the research; do not simply restate the results. The conclusions must be pertinent to the objectives and justified by the data. In most situations, the conclusions are true for only the population of the experiment.
- References: Select and format references in accordance with the guidelines noted below in “Formatting Instructions.”
- Tables: Create tables in accordance with the guidelines noted below in “Formatting Instructions.”
- Legends for illustrations: Concisely describe each illustration without directly duplicating the main text.
Clinical report
The clinical report describes the author's methods for meeting a patient treatment challenge. It should be no longer than 4 to 5 double-spaced standard (12-point type, 250 words per page) typed pages and be accompanied by no more than 8 high-quality illustrations.
- Abstract: Provide a short, nonstructured, 1-paragraph abstract that briefly summarizes the problem encountered and treatment administered.
- Introduction: Summarize literature relevant to the problem encountered. Include references to standard treatments and protocols. Please note that most, if not all, references should first be cited in the Introduction and/or Clinical Report section.
- Clinical Report: Describe the patient, the problem with which he or she presented, and any relevant medical or dental background. Describe the various treatment options and the reasons for selection of the chosen treatment. Fully describe the treatment rendered, the length of the follow-up period, and any improvements noted as a result of treatment. This section should be written in past tense and in paragraph form.
- Discussion: Comment on the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen treatment, and describe any contraindications for it. If the text will only be repetitive of previous sections, omit the Discussion.
- Summary: Briefly summarize the patient treatment.
- References: Select and format references in accordance with the guidelines noted below in “Formatting Instructions.”
- Legends for illustrations: Concisely describe each illustration without directly duplicating the main text.
Dental technique
The dental technique article presents, in a step-by-step format, a unique procedure helpful to dental professionals. It should be no longer than 4 to 5 double-spaced standard (12-point type, 250 words per page) typed pages and be accompanied by no more than 8 high-quality illustrations.
- Abstract: Provide a short, nonstructured, 1-paragraph abstract that briefly summarizes the technique.
- Introduction: Summarize relevant literature. Include references to standard methods and protocols. Please note that most, if not all, references should first be cited in the Introduction and/or Technique section.
- Technique: In a numbered, step-by-step format, describe each step of the technique. Put the text in command rather than descriptive form (eg, “Survey the diagnostic cast” rather than “The diagnostic cast is surveyed”). Include citations for the accompanying illustrations.
- Discussion: Comment on the advantages and disadvantages of the technique, indicate the situations to which it may be applied, and describe any contraindications for its use. Avoid excessive claims of effectiveness. If the text will only be repetitive of previous sections, omit the Discussion.
- Summary: Briefly summarize the technique presented and its chief advantages.
- References: Select and format references in accordance with the guidelines noted below in “Formatting Instructions.”
- Legends for illustrations: Concisely describe each illustration without directly duplicating the main text.
Literature review
The literature review accurately and critically summarizes published research on a particular area of interest in dentistry. Thorough documentation should be provided through the citation of references.
- Abstract: Provide a nonstructured, 1-paragraph abstract that includes the purpose of the article; a description of the main topic or focus; and an indication of how the research was conducted, what sources of information were culled, and what time period was surveyed.
- Literature review: Present an accurate and complete record of the literature, organized by topic with subject-oriented section headings. Do not simply summarize past studies; critically review their results and possible limitations.
- Summary: Briefly summarize the most important findings of the literature reviewed. Suggest areas for future research.
- References: Select and format references in accordance with the guidelines noted below in “Formatting Instructions.”
- Tables (if applicable): Create tables in accordance with the guidelines noted below in “Formatting Instructions.”
- Legends for illustrations (if applicable): Concisely describe each illustration without directly duplicating the main text.
Tips from our readers
Tips are brief reports on helpful or time-saving procedures. They should be limited to 2 authors, be no longer than 250 words, and include no more than 2 high-quality illustrations. If a procedure is presented in a numbered, step-by-step format, put the text in command rather than descriptive form (eg, “Survey the diagnostic cast” rather than “The diagnostic cast is surveyed”).
First page arrangement
- Title: The title should define the study's scope, content, and clinical significance. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. Do not underline the title. Abbreviations and trade names should not be used in the title.
- Authors: Directly under the title, type the names and degrees of the authors. List academic degrees only. No fellowship designations, please.
- Institution(s): Directly under the authors' names, type their individual institutional affiliations and the cities, states, and countries (if not the United States) in which these institutions are located. If necessary, provide the English translation of the name of the institution. Do not underline. If the authors are not affiliated with an institution, please list the city, state, and country (if not the United States) in which the authors live.
- Presentation/support information and titles: If the research was presented before an organized group, type the name of the organization and the location and date of the meeting. If the work was supported by a grant or any other kind of funding, supply the name of the supporting organization and the grant number. List the academic titles (eg, Assistant Professor) and departmental affiliations of all authors.
- Contact information: List the mailing address, business telephone, fax number, and e-mail address of the author who will receive correspondence and reprint requests.
Abstract
- The abstract must be typed on a page separate from the main text.
- The abstract should include no abbreviations.
Main text
Headings
- Headings should contribute to the clarity of the article and appear in appropriate places to indicate a shift from one section to another (eg, Discussion to Conclusions).
- The use of subheadings may be appropriate in the Material and Methods section but is generally discouraged in the Results and Discussion.
- All headings should be typed flush with the left margin. Main headings (eg, MATERIAL AND METHODS) should be in capital letters; subheadings (eg, Specimen preparation) should be in lowercase letters.
Identification of product and manufacturing information
- Refer to products in generic terms. Immediately following the term, provide the following information in parentheses: product name and manufacturer's name, city, state, and country (if not the United States). For example: “The impressions were poured in type IV stone (Denstone; Heraeus Kulzer, South Bend, Ind) and related to each other with a fast-setting vinyl polysiloxane occlusal registration material (Correct VPS Bite Registration; Jeneric/Pentron Inc, Wallingford, Conn).” If the same manufacturer is cited multiple times, the city and state/country are required only in the first citation.
- Use generic drug names; trade names may be listed in parentheses at the point of first mention.
Personal communications
- Do not list a personal communication in the References. Instead, provide the following information in the text in parentheses: the name of the person with whom you communicated, his/her highest academic degree, whether the communication was oral or written, and the date of the communication.
Abbreviations
- If abbreviations are used, provide the expanded form upon first mention and abbreviate thereafter [eg, fixed partial denture (FPD)].
References
Acceptable references and their placement
- Most, if not all, references should first be cited in the Introduction and/or Material and Methods section. Only those references that have been previously cited or that relate directly to the outcomes of the present study may be cited in the Discussion.
- Only peer-reviewed, published material may be cited as a reference. Manuscripts in preparation, manuscripts submitted for consideration, and unpublished theses are not acceptable references.
- Abstracts are considered unpublished observations and are not allowed as references unless full follow-up studies were completed and published.
- References to foreign language publications should be kept to a minimum (no more than 3). They are permitted only when the original article has been translated into English. The translated title should be cited and the original language noted in brackets at the end of the citation.
- Textbook references should be kept to a minimum, as textbooks often reflect the opinions of their authors and/or editors. Evidence-based journal citations are preferred.
Reference formatting
- References must be identified in the body of the article with superscript Arabic numerals.
- The complete reference list, double-spaced and in numerical order, should follow the Conclusions section but start on a separate page. Only references cited in the text should appear in the reference list.
- Reference formatting should conform to Vancouver style as set forth in “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” (Ann Intern Med 1997;126:36-47).
- List up to six authors. If there are seven or more, after the sixth author's name, add et al.
- Abbreviate journal names per the Cumulative Index Medicus. A complete list of standard abbreviations is available through the PubMed website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
- Format for journal articles: Supply the last names and initials of all authors; the title of the article; the journal name; and the year, volume, and page numbers of publication. Do not use italics, bold, or underlining for any part of the reference. Put a period after the initials of the last author, after the article title, and at the end of the reference. Put a semi-colon after the year of publication and a colon after the volume. Issue numbers are not used in Vancouver style.
Jones ER, Smith IM, Doe JQ. Uses of acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent 1985;53:120-9.
- Format for books: The most current edition must be cited. Supply the names and initials of all authors/editors, the title of the book, the city of publication, the publisher, the year of publication, and the inclusive page numbers consulted. Do not use italics, bold, or underlining for any part of the reference.
Zarb GA, Carlsson GE, Bolender CL. Boucher's prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients. 11th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997. p. 112-23.
Tables
- Tables should be self-explanatory and should supplement, not duplicate, the text.
- Provide all tables at the end of the manuscript, after the figure legends (if present) or reference list. There should be only one table to a page. Omit internal horizontal and vertical lines.
- Do not list tables in parts (eg, Table Ia, Ib). Each should have its own number. Number the tables in the order in which they are mentioned in the text.
- Supply a concise legend that describes the content of the table. Create descriptive column and row headings. Within columns, align data such that decimal points may be traced in a straight line. Use decimal points, not commas, to mark places past the integer (eg, 3.5 rather than 3,5).
- In a footnote, define any abbreviations used in a table.
- If a table (or any data within it) was published previously, give full credit to the original source in a footnote to the table. If necessary, obtain permission to reprint from the author/publisher.
Illustrations
- Submit 3 good-quality, unmounted glossy prints of illustrations: all black and white or, if color contributes to the value of the manuscript, 2 sets of color and 1 set of black and white. The editors and reviewers have final authority to determine whether illustrations will be reproduced in color.
- Glossy prints must be provided; we do not accept slides. If electronic image files are submitted, they must be accompanied by a digital proof (more information provided below).
- Submitted prints should be between 3.5 × 4 inches and 5 × 7 inches. Either horizontally or vertically oriented illustrations are preferred; a mixture of the 2 orientations may affect the quality of the final layout.
- Line drawings, charts, and graphs must be submitted as professionally processed glossy prints. Labeling and lettering must also be of professional quality. Reproductions can be no better than the quality of the originals.
- If photomicrographs are submitted, the units of measurement should be indicated on the figure with a bar scale.
- Number the illustrations, which should be referred to as “figures,” in order of their mention in the text. Do not write directly on the back of the illustration, as ink may smudge stacked illustrations and pen and/or pencil pressure may cause writing to show through the emulsion. Adhere a label to the back of each illustration that indicates its number, and add an arrow to indicate the top of the illustration. Do not write the name of any author on any illustration or label.
- When packaging illustrations for the mail, do not use paper clips or any other objects that might scratch or mar the surface of the illustrations.
- In the article, clearly reference each illustration by including its number in parentheses at the end of the appropriate sentence, before closing punctuation. For example: “The sutures were removed after 3 weeks (Fig. 4).”
- Legends must be provided for all illustrations; the legends page should follow the reference list.
Electronic submission of illustrations
- Figures may be submitted in electronic format. All images should be at least 5 inches wide and provided in .eps or .tif format on a floppy disk, zip disk, or CD-ROM.
- Use graphics software such as Adobe Photoshop or Illustrator to create art. Do not create images in word processing programs (eg, Word, WordPerfect) or presentation software (eg, PowerPoint, CorelDraw, Harvard Graphics).
- Color images should be CMYK and at least 300 DPI. All electronic images must be accompanied by a set of photographic prints or a digital color proof; a photocopy is not acceptable. The prints/proof will be used at press for color reproduction.
- Grayscale images should be at least 300 DPI. Combination grayscale and line art should be at least 1200 DPI. Line art (black and white or color) should be at least 1200 DPI.
Permissions
- All quoted material must be clearly marked as such with quotation marks and a reference number. If more than 5 lines are quoted, a letter of permission must be obtained from the author and publisher of the quoted material.
- If quotations are more than 1 paragraph in length, use open quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and a closed quotation mark at the end of the final paragraph only.
- Type all quoted material exactly as it appears in the original source, with no changes in spelling or punctuation. Indicate material omitted from a quotation with ellipses (3 dots for material omitted from within a sentence, 4 dots for material omitted after the end of a sentence.)
- If any submitted photos include the eyes of a patient, the patient must sign a consent form authorizing use of his/her photo in the Journal. If such permission is not obtained, the eyes will be blocked with black bars at publication.
- Illustrations that are reprinted or borrowed from other published articles/books cannot be used without the permission of the original author and publisher. The manuscript author must secure this permission and submit it for review. In the illustration legend, provide the full citation for the original source in parentheses
Interest in commercial companies and/or products
- Authors may not directly or indirectly advertise equipment, instruments, or products in which they have a personal investment.
- Statements and opinions expressed in the manuscript are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. The editors and publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for such material. Neither the editors nor the publisher guarantee, warrant, or endorse any product or service advertised in the Journal; neither the editors nor the publisher guarantee any claim made by the manufacturer of said product or service.
- Authors must disclose any financial interest they may have in products mentioned in an article. This disclosure should be typed after the Conclusions section.
General policies and suggestions
- Authors whose native language is not English should obtain the assistance of an expert in English and scientific writing before submitting their manuscripts. Manuscripts that do not meet basic language standards will be returned pre-review.
- Do not use first person (I, we, us, our), which violates the objective tone desired in scientific writing. “We conducted the study” can be changed easily to “The study was conducted.”
- Describe experimental procedures, treatments, and results in past tense.
- Describe teeth by name (eg, maxillary right first molar), not number.
- It is almost always better to paraphrase information from a published source than to use direct quotations. Paraphrasing saves space. The exception is a direct quotation that is unusually pointed and concise.
- When long terms with standard abbreviations (as in TMJ for temporomandibular joint) are used frequently, spell out the full term upon first use and provide the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation thereafter.
- Abbreviate units of measurement without a period in the text and tables (eg, 9 mm).
- Use capital letters for proper names (eg, persons and institutions) and for proprietary product names but not for such terms as profession, dentist, dentistry, and prosthodontics.
- Proprietary names function as adjectives. Nouns must be supplied after their use, as in Vaseline petroleum jelly. Wherever possible, use only the generic term.
Objectionable terms
The following are selected objectionable terms and their proper substitutes. For a complete list of approved prosthodontic terminology, consult the seventh edition of the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:39-110).
| Incorrect |
Correct |
| Alginate |
Irreversible hydrocolloid |
| Bite |
Occlusion |
| Bridge |
Fixed partial denture |
| Case |
Patient, situation, or treatment (as appropriate) |
| Cure |
Polymerize |
| Final |
Definitive |
| Freeway space |
Interocclusal distance |
| Full denture |
Complete denture |
| Lower (teeth, arch) |
Mandibular |
| Model |
Cast |
| Modeling compound |
Modeling plastic impression compound |
| Muscle trimming |
Border molding |
| Overbite, overjet |
Vertical overlap, horizontal overlap |
| Periphery |
Border |
| Post dam, postpalatal seal |
Posterior palatal seal |
| Prematurity |
Interceptive occlusal contact |
| Saddle |
Denture base |
| Study model |
Diagnostic cast |
| Upper (teeth, arch) |
Maxillary |
| X-ray, roentgenogram |
Radiograph |
In addition, sample is often used when specimen is meant.
Checklist for effective writing
- The article is long enough to convey the author's message—no shorter and no longer.
- The author analyzes the audience and aims the message directly at that audience.
- The material is well organized. The major divisions of the article are distinct and follow each other in logical succession. The material within each division flows smoothly. (Outlining is the key to success in this difficult task.)
- The information is accurate. Even a minor discrepancy throws doubt on valid portions of the article.
- The article is complete. It answers all the questions it raises; it provides all the information it promises.
- The article is objective. Even opinion, which is acceptable in the Discussion, should be firmly rooted in fact.
- The article is in a form that is as nearly final as the author and editor can make it before it is sent to the publisher for formatting. It is expensive to make changes at the production stage, so changes on the proof must be minor and absolutely necessary.
- The writing is clear, concise, and grammatically correct.
Some elements of effective style
- Short words. Short words are preferable to long ones if the shorter word is equally precise.
- Familiar words. Readers want information that they can grasp easily and quickly. Simple, familiar words provide clarity and impact.
- Specific rather than general words. Specific terms pinpoint meaning and create word pictures; general terms may be fuzzy and open to varied interpretations.
- Brisk opening. Plunge into your subject in the first paragraph of the article. Don't subject readers to a laborious windup.
- Limited use of modifying words and phrases. Check your adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases. If they are not needed, strike them out.
- No unnecessary repetition. An idea may be repeated for emphasis—so long as that repetition is effective.
- Short sentence length. No more than 20 words is recommended. Rambling sentences, cluttered with subordinate clauses and other modifiers, are hard to read and may cause readers to lose their train of thought. Short sentences should, however, be balanced with somewhat longer ones to avoid monotony.
- Restraint. The writer who uses flamboyant words or overstates his proposition or conclusions discredits himself. Facts speak for themselves.
- Clearly stated conclusions. Don't hedge. If you don't know something, say so.
Acrylic An adjective form that requires a noun, as in acrylic resin.
Affect, effect Affect is a verb; effect is a noun.
African American Spelled thus and preferred over Negro and black in both adjective (African American patients) and noun (of whom 20% were African Americans) forms.
Ampersand (&) Should be avoided except in the name of a firm, as in John Smith & Co.
Average, mean, median Mean and average are synonyms. Median refers to the midpoint in a range of items; the midpoint has as many items above as below it.
Basic Like fundamental, this word is often unnecessary. An example of unnecessary use: Dental implants consist of two basic types: subperiosteal and endosteal.
Between, among Use between when 2 things are involved and among when there are more than two.
Biopsy This noun should not be used as a verb. A biopsy was performed on the tissue rather than The tissue was biopsied.
Centric An adjective that requires a noun, as in centric relation.
Currently, now, at present, etc. These expressions are often unnecessary, as in This technique is currently being used …
Data Use as a plural, as in The data were …
Employ Should not become an elegant variation of use, as in This method is employed …
Ensure Preferred over insure in the sense of to make certain.
Fewer, less Use fewer with nouns that can be counted (fewer patients were seen) and less with nouns that cannot be counted (less material was used).
Following After is preferred.
Imply, infer The speaker implies; the listener infers.
Incidence The rate at which a disease occurs in a given time period; sometimes confused with prevalence (the total number of cases of a disease in a given region).
Its, it's Its is the possessive; it's is the contraction for it is.
Majority Means more than half; use most when you mean almost all.
Male, female For adult human beings, use men and women. For children, use boys and girls.
Must, should Must means that the course of action is essential. Should is less strong and means that the course of action is recommended.
Numbers Spell out numbers used in titles or headings and numbers at the beginning of a sentence. The spelled version may also be preferable in a series of consecutive numbers that may confuse the reader (eg, 2 3.5-inch disks should be written two 3.5-inch disks). In all other cases, use Arabic numerals.
Orient Proper form; avoid orientate.
Paper (as in manuscript) Use article.
Pathologic Use instead of pathological. Other words in which the suffix -al has been dropped include biologic, histologic, and physiologic.
Pathology The study of disease; often mistaken for pathosis (the condition of disease).
Percent Use the percent sign in the text, as in The distribution of scores was as follows: adequate, 8%; oversized, 23%; and undersized, 69%. But spell out when the percent opens a sentence, as in Twenty percent of the castings …
Principal, principle Principal is an adjective; it means main or chief, as in the principal reason. Principle is a noun; it refers to a fundamental truth, standard, or rule, as in the principles of prosthodontic practice.
Prior to Before is preferred.
Rare, infrequent, often not, etc. Whenever possible, these vague terms should be backed up with a specific number.
Rather Like very, this word should be avoided.
Regimen A planned program for taking medication, dieting, exercising, etc. Not to be confused with regime, meaning a system of government or management.
Symptomatology The science or study of symptoms; this word is not a synonym for symptoms.
Technique Preferred over technic.
Utilize Use is preferred.
Vertical An adjective that needs a noun, as in vertical relation.
Very Frequently unnecessary; avoid.
Via Use through, with, or by means of.
White Preferred over Caucasian.
Because The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry is published not only in print but also online, authors must use the standard PubMed abbreviations for journal titles. If alternate or no abbreviations are used, the references will not be linked in the online publication. A complete list of standard abbreviations is available through the PubMed website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
| Acta Odontologica Scandinavica |
Acta Odontol Scand |
| American Journal of Orthodontics |
Am J Orthod |
| Angle Orthodontist |
Angle Orthod |
| British Dental Journal |
Br Dent J |
| Cleft Palate Journal |
Cleft Palate J |
| Dental Clinics of North America |
Dent Clin North Am |
| Dental Digest |
Dent Dig |
| Dental Practitioner and Dental Record |
Dent Pract Dent Rec |
| Dental Progress |
Dent Prog |
| Dental Survey |
Dent Surv |
| International Dental Journal |
Int Dent J |
| International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants |
Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants |
| International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry |
Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent |
| International Journal of Prosthodontics |
Int J Prosthodont |
| Journal of the American College of Dentists |
J Am Coll Dent |
| Journal of the American Dental Association |
J Am Dent Assoc |
| Journal of Dentistry for Children |
J Dent Child |
| Journal of Dental Education |
J Dent Educ |
| Journal of Dental Research |
J Dent Res |
| Journal of Endodontics |
J Endod |
| Journal of Oral Rehabilitation |
J Oral Rehabil |
| Journal of Oral Surgery |
J Oral Surg |
| Journal of Periodontology |
J Periodontol |
| Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry |
J Prosthet Dent |
| Journal of Prosthodontics |
J Prosthodont |
| Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology |
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol |
| Quintessence International |
Quintessence Int |
1.1
We repeat the oft-given but seldom-followed advice: Talk to a biostatistician before collecting any data. Many problems can be solved easily in the planning stage but become insurmountable in the data analysis stage. These include (but are not limited to) issues of sample size and experimental design.
1.2
The research objective or hypothesis should be clearly stated in the form of a null hypothesis so that the objective can be tested statistically to determine whether differences are significant or a matter of chance.
1.3
If random assignment or random selection is claimed, the method used to provide randomness should be indicated. Post-randomization tests of equality are recommended.
1.4
When multiple statistical tests are conducted, the risk of one or more Type I errors (ie, the risk of saying that there is a difference when no difference exists) is inflated. The author should recognize this danger and take measures to address it.
1.5
Any data transformations should be described and justified. Data transformations also require additional interpretation of results after statistical testing. Exceptions include standard transformations (eg, log dose for drugs) and linear transformations (eg, inches to centimeters) that do not change the shape of the distribution.
1.6
References should be provided when nonstandard statistical methods are used. (This is not necessary for commonly used measures such as the Pearson correlation, t test, analysis of variance, and chi-square test.)
1.7
Results should be presented in the same order in which statistical testing was described. Actual values must be provided. Significant findings and trends should be described, and results deemed significant or nonsignificant should be validated with specific data from the statistical test(s) employed.
1.8
Journal readers have a wide spectrum of statistical knowledge. In order to keep as many readers interested for as long as possible, descriptive results should be given before inferential tests, and individual data should be given before group data.
1.9
If more than one type of test was performed (eg, F tests and t tests), the following information should be provided in parentheses after each result: the name of the test, the degrees of freedom, and the P value.
1.10
Any unusual observations should be described in detail. Outliers in any analysis cannot simply be thrown away to improve fit or allow for assumptions to be met. There must be a reason to delete observations (eg, data entry error).
1.11
Tables and/or graphs should be clearly labeled. Deciding whether to present data in a graph or table can be difficult. Generally, graphs are better for showing patterns, while tables are better for accurately presenting numbers.
2.1
The report of a chi-square analysis must include the data table, the value of the chi-square statistic, the degrees of freedom, and the P value.
2.2
Each sampling unit should be counted only once in a given contingency table.
2.3
Categories should not overlap but should account for the whole sample.
2.4
In general, when estimates of the chi-square statistic are made, expected frequency of each cell (or category) should be 5 or more. Exceptions should be justified after consultation with a biostatistician.
2.5
If categories are collapsed to avoid small expected frequencies, the merged categories should be meaningful (eg, adjacent age-ranges could be merged, but edentulous patients should not be merged with patients who have malocclusion).
2.6
When there is 1 degree of freedom, the author should indicate whether a directional or nondirectional hypothesis was tested.
2.7
Use of the Yates correction (if appropriate) should be reported. Most textbooks recommend against using the Yates correction.
3.1
The number of observations, mean, and standard deviation of the mean should be reported for each group or treatment. Standard error also may be reported.
3.2
When data are correlated (eg, the same person is observed under 2 treatments or at 2 different times), the paired t test should be used, and the correlation coefficient and paired t test results should be reported.
3.3
Both the t statistic and its P value should be reported. The author should clearly indicate whether a 1-tailed or a 2-tailed test was performed. The selection of a 1-tailed test requires strong justification.
3.4
If multiple t tests are performed, appropriate steps (eg, multiple-range test or the Bonferroni adjustment) should be taken to control the Type I error rate.
4.1
Means and standard deviations should be reported for each level of each factor. Standard error also may be reported. If the number of observations varies by level, this fact should be reported.
4.2
An analysis of variance table should be reported for each source of variation. The table should include the sum of squares, degrees of freedom, mean square, and F and P values (if applicable). Such a table is especially necessary for 2 or more factors to make explicit the consideration of interaction effects.
4.3
Any factors considered to represent within-subject effects or random effects should be clearly identified in the textual description. Moreover, the appropriate ANOVA model should be used to account for correlated data along with the correction (eg, epsilon) for such correlation.
4.4
In the presence of a significant interaction effect, significance for a main effect involved in the interaction should be justified by analysis of the interaction pattern present. As a method for depicting data trends, graphs are strongly recommended; they should show the nature of significant interactions, the multiple factors or levels of factors, and complex results involving more than 2 factors. Appropriate error bars must be included.
5.1
The mean and standard deviation for each variable should be reported, together with all simple correlations for all variables taken pairwise.
5.2
If more than one pair of variables is involved and the number of observations varies by pair, the number of observations for each pair should be reported, and the use of such data should be justified.
5.3
If regression analysis is used, the author should mention whether the assumptions of the regression model were evaluated and, if they were not met, what steps were taken to correct the problems. This includes discussion of residual plots for issues of linearity and constant variance, discussion of the normality of residuals, and discussion of outliers. The author should consult a biostatistician.
5.4
For regression models that are decided on from large sets of variables, the author should consult a biostatistician. It is important to describe the selection process in detail.
6.1
Tests other than those cited above may be needed to test hypotheses. Any such test should be accompanied by citations of the appropriate literature as well as a succinct but adequate explanation of what the test does and why it is appropriate for the situation.
Editorial Board
EDITOR Carol A. Lefebvre
EDITORIAL COUNCIL Brien R. Lang, Chair
Baldwin Marchack, Vice Chair
Jane D. Brewer
Gerald N. Graser
Amazis Louka
Peter Stevenson-Moore
Shane N. White
Robert B. Stevenson
Sreenivas Koka
STATISTICAL CONSULTANTS Elaine L. Davis
Willard D. McCall, Jr.
Richard K. Ohrbach
Jennifer L. Waller
Bill Wu
Maribeth Johnson
ABSTRACT TRANSLATOR Geng Jian Ping, Chinese
EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD
John R. Agar
Gary C. Anderson
Carl J. Andres
Stephen C. Bayne
Ronald B. Blackman
David M. Bohnenkamp
William W. Brackett
Robert L. Brandt
William A. Brantley
Lawrence E. Brecht
David T. Brown
Joel D. Bumgardner
Zhuo Cai
Joseph R. Cain
Alan B. Carr
Ansgar C. Cheng
Roman M. Cibirka
Nancy L. Clelland
Lars Dahlstrom*
Virendra B. Dhuru
Ana M. Diaz-Arnold
Donna L. Dixon
R. Duane Douglas
Carl F. Driscoll
Stephen E. Eckert
Richard P. Frank
Kevin B. Frazier
Lily T. Garcia
Davis Garlapo
Neal R. Garrett
Jack Gerrow
Jack A. Gerschman*
Gary R. Goldstein
Charles J. Goodacre
David G. Gratton
Henry A. Gremillion
Jason A. Griggs
Albert D. Guckes
Reinhard Hickel*
John R. Ivanhoe
Leila Jahangiri
William W. Johnson
Joseph Y. K. Kan
Sharukh S. Khajotia
Jay S. Kim
Sreenivas Koka
Howard M. Landesman
Lisa A. Lang
James C. Lemon
Xavier Lepe
Robert W. Loney
Juan C. Loza
Jaime L. Lozada
Willard D. McCall, Jr.
Edward A. Monaco, Jr.
Steven M. Morgano
Cheryl Morgan-Riley
Dean Morton
Steven K. Nelson
Ichiro Nishimura
Richard K. Ohrbach
Christopher C. Peck*
Patricia Pereira
Keith M. Phillips
Mark A. Pigno
Kevin D. Plummer
Peter Pospiech*
Harold W. Preiskel*
Peter Rammelsberg*
Michael Razzoog
Stephen F. Rosenstiel
Jeffrey E. Rubenstein
Frederick A. Rueggeberg
Kitichai Rungcharassaeng
Steven J. Sadowsky
Thomas J. Salinas
George S. Schuster
Robert R. Seghi
Harel Simon
Clark M. Stanford
Peter Stevenson-Moore*
Geoffrey A. Thompson
Antheunis Versluis
Mary P. Walker
John C. Wataha
Hans-Peter Weber
Alvin G. Wee
*International Reviewers
Editorial Manager
Catherine A. Prysiazny
Editorial Assistant
Dora Norton
Production Editor
Mary Dix
THE JOURNAL OF
Prosthetic
Dentistry
8A THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY VOLUME 90 NUMBER 3
Mission Statement: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry was founded in 1951 to provide a
means for the interchange of ideas among individuals to advance the skill and knowledge of
prosthodontics. Based on a critical review process and guided by the foremost authorities in all
disciplines of prosthetic and restorative dentistry, The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry will
continue to communicate the standard for prosthetic and restorative care of patients.
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