期刊名称：JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
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ISSN： | 0022-2372
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版本： | SCI-CDE
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出版频率： | Quarterly
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出版社： | ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS, 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS, 66044
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期刊网址： | http://www.mammalsociety.org/pubjom/
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影响因子： | 1.737(2008) |
| 主题范畴： | ZOOLOGY |
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
 The Journal of Mammalogy is a research-oriented, peerreviewed journal dealing with all responsible types of research on biology of mammals. Manuscripts may be submitted in electronic format (preferred) or as hard copies (details below). Beginning in 2004, manuscripts can be submitted online. (See ASM web site for current status:
www.mammalogy.org.)
Instructions to Authors
GUIDELINES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS
FOR THE USE OF WILD MAMMALS IN RESEARCH
WILLIAM L. GANNON,* ROBERT S. SIKES, AND THE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS
Department of Biology and Office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Development, Research Ethics and
Compliance Services, MSC05 3180, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA (WLG)
University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Basic Animal Services Unit and Department of Biology, 2801 South University Avenue,
Little Rock, AR 72204, USA (RSS)
General guidelines for use of wild mammal species are updated from the 1998 version approved by the American
Society of Mammalogists (ASM) and expanded to include additional resources. Included are details on marking,
housing, trapping, and collecting mammals. These guidelines cover current professional techniques and regulations
involving mammals used in research. Institutional animal care and use committees, regulatory agencies, and
investigators should review and approve procedures concerning use of vertebrates at any particular institution.
These guidelines were prepared and approved by the ASM, whose collective expertise provides a broad and
comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals in their natural environments.
Key words: animal capture, animal care, animal housing, animal marking, animal use ethics, federal regulation, Institutional
Animal Care and Use Committee, trapping
ORGANIZATION OF GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................810
GENERAL GUIDELINES .......................................................................................................................................................................811
Fieldwork with Mammals...........................................................................................................................................................811
Compliance with Laws and Regulations....................................................................................................................................811
Numbers and Species (Including Endangered Taxa)..................................................................................................................812
TRAPPING TECHNIQUES ......................................................................................................................................................................813
Oversight of Field Studies..........................................................................................................................................................813
Considerations for Capturing Mammals ....................................................................................................................................813
Live Capture ...............................................................................................................................................................................813
Kill-Trapping and Shooting........................................................................................................................................................815
Marine Mammals ........................................................................................................................................................................815
MARKING FOR IDENTIFICATION...........................................................................................................................................................816
External Marks and Tags............................................................................................................................................................816
Internal Marks and Tags.............................................................................................................................................................817
Immobilization for Application of Marks ..................................................................................................................................817
MAINTENANCE OF WILD-CAUGHT MAMMALS IN CAPTIVITY.................................................................................................................817
Procurement and Holding Conditions ........................................................................................................................................817
Maintenance Environments ........................................................................................................................................................818
Separation of Taxa and Minimizing Stress ................................................................................................................................819
EUTHANASIA .....................................................................................................................................................................................819
VOUCHERING OF SPECIMENS AND ANCILLARY MATERIAL.....................................................................................................................820
HUMAN SAFETY ................................................................................................................................................................................820
SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................................................................................820
RESUMEN ..........................................................................................................................................................................................821
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................................................................................................821
LITERATURE CITED............................................................................................................................................................................821
* Correspondent: wgannon@unm.edu
2007 American Society of Mammalogists
www.mammalogy.org
Journal of Mammalogy, 88(3):809–823, 2007
809
INTRODUCTION
Advances in mammalogy, from exploring physiological functions
to understanding evolutionary relationships and developing
management strategies, are predicated on responsible use
of mammals in research. Founded in April 1919, the American
Society of Mammalogists (ASM) has long been concerned with
the welfare of mammals, and in particular, natural communities.
In 1928, one of the founders of the ASM, Joseph Grinnell,
instructed administrators of Yosemite National Park to maintain
the Park as a natural mammalian community without unnecessary
or destructive development. Grinnell (1928:76) described
a number of management tactics that should be considered by
Park managers, but in particular, he advised that to address an
unwanted increase in the bear population Park officials needed to
‘‘devise [some] means whereby troublesome individual bears
could be discouraged from raiding food-stores, without doing
them serious bodily harm. But I recommend that exceeding care
be taken in such procedure, not to rouse, unnecessarily, adverse
public opinion, and not to drive away the bears altogether, for
they constitute a particularly valuable element in the native
animal life of the valley.’’ Thus, Grinnell made informed management
recommendations and also advocated animal care and
use with sensitivity toward public opinion. The same is true
today because mammalogists care deeply about the sentient
organisms that they study.
In medical research, highly selected, domesticated strains are
used to reduce differences among individuals. In this research,
the mammalian model (usually Mus or Rattus) frequently is
considered more the vessel, vehicle, or source of tissue for the
drug study or neuroscience investigation. In contrast, field researchers
usually are interested in the mammals themselves as
the focus of study, and variation among individuals and natural
behaviors are of fundamental interest and importance. Differences
between medical research and basic research on mammals
frequently pose problems for field researchers because
regulations developed for laboratory environments and domesticated
taxa are increasingly and inappropriately extrapolated
to the field and to wild taxa even though conditions and context
are dissimilar. Guidelines for animal protocols have become
more important with increasing use of native animal
models in research. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS) within the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) unit has amended the Animal Welfare Act
(AWA—USDA 2005; http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/
title7/chapter54.html) to oversee field studies, which are defined
as studies conducted on free-living wild animals in their
natural habitat.
The Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research (ad hoc
Committee for Animal Care Guidelines 1985) was the 1st effort
to codify the expertise and philosophy of the ASM on use of
mammals in research. This single-page statement broadly listed
considerations, such as concern for number of animals used,
and highlighted laws that regulated use of animals (including
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
[CITES]). It stated that the investigator should use good judgment
and be prudent when using animals in research.
A more detailed set of guidelines was published by ASM in
1987 with Acceptable Field Methods in Mammalogy: Preliminary
Guidelines Approved by the American Society of
Mammalogists (ad hoc Committee on Acceptable Field
Methods in Mammalogy 1987). In the same year, the Animal
Care and Use Committee was designated a standing committee
of the ASM. These guidelines provided an explanation of
fieldwork in mammalogy and rationale for collecting specimens.
Guidance also was given on adequate sample sizes, and
summaries of laws and regulations that pertained to mammals
were detailed. The utility of this publication was perhaps best
illustrated in the section on methods, where details were
provided on use of kill-trapping and shooting, livetrapping,
mistnetting (for bats), and methods relatively new to mammalogists,
such as harvesting or sampling of tissues. Acceptable
methods of marking, tracking, holding, transporting, and
releasing mammals were described in the 1987 version. Issues
concerning holding of mammals in captivity, administering
humane euthanasia, and listing health precautions for researchers
also were covered. Resources for these guidelines included
information from other professional societies, such as the
Society for the Study of Animal Behaviour (updated 2006), the
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Panel on
Euthanasia (updated 2001), and several publications on trapping
methods. Ten of the 15 citations listed in the 1987 publication
were papers either in press or unpublished, or were
committee reports. Much of the information provided in the
1987 guidelines was from comments by investigators and researchers
who were conducting fieldwork.
The 1987 guidelines were again updated and expanded by
the Animal Care and Use Committee in 1998. In captive situations,
the ASM suggested (Animal Care and Use Committee
1998) that researchers read and follow guides published by the
United States and Canadian governments (Canadian Council
on Animal Care 1993). In essence, ASM guidelines provided
highlights of more complete information available from either
the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
(National Research Council; hereinafter Guide—NRC 1996) or
the AWA; that was, minimize numbers taken, reduce pain or
distress of captive animals, and provide humane euthanasia for
studies where death was the endpoint. Also, there were concerns
that people not familiar with research might view use of
animals unfavorably. Consequently, researchers were advised
to be prepared to justify their project and use of animals to an
inquiring public.
The guidelines herein are intended to provide investigators
and those charged with evaluating animal use in research
(institutional animal care and use committees [IACUCs], reviewers
and editors of research manuscripts, management
agency personnel, graduate committees, and the public) with
general and specific guidance on mammal care and use issues
and health, safety, and environmental concerns particular to
nondomesticated mammals. We emphasize that these guidelines
are not intended to constrain ingenuity in meeting research
demands, but rather to bring relevant safety, regulatory, and
ethical concerns regarding animal use to the attention of investigators.
It is the responsibility of the principal investigator
810
Instructions to Authors
ASM Animal Guidelines.pdf
0022-2372.pdf
Editorial Board
Barbara H. Blake, Journal Editor, Department of Biology, 312 Eberhart, University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170; Ph: 336-334-4965; FAX
336-334-5839; E-mail: bhblake@uncg.edu
Robert D. Bradley, Associate Editor, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131; Ph: 806-742-2725; FAX 806-742-2963; E-mail:
rbradley@ttacs.ttu.edu
William L. Gannon, Associate Editor, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of
Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; Ph: 505-277-5312; FAX
505-277-3473; E-mail: wgannon@unm.edu
Ronald Gettinger, Associate Editor, Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon Woman's
College, Lynchburg, VA 24503-1526; Ph: 434-947-8490; FAX 434-947-8138; E-mail:
rgettinger@rmwc.edu
Eric C. Hellgren, Associate Editor, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK 74078; Ph: 405-744-9671; FAX 405-744-7824; E-mail:
ehellgr@okstate.edu
Edward J. Heske, Editor for Special Features, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East
Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820; Ph: 217-244-2173; FAX 217-333-4949; E-mail:
e-heske@uiuc.edu
Douglas A. Kelt, Editor for Reviews, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation
Biology, University of California Davis, One Shield Drive, Davis, CA 95616;
Ph: 530-754-9481; FAX 530-754-4154; E-mail: dakelt@ucdavis.edu
Enrique P. Lessa, Associate Editor, Laboratorio de Evolucion, Facultad de Ciencias, Casa
de Correos 12106, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay; Ph: 598-2-708-1879;
FAX 598-2-525-8617; E-mail: lessa@fcien.edu.uy
Penny S. Reynolds, Associate Editor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Main
Hospital, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond,
VA 23298; Ph: 804-828-1774; FAX 804-828-6413; E-mail: psreynolds@vcu.edu
Eric A. Rickart, Associate Editor, Utah Museum of Natural History, 1390 E Presidents
Circle, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Ph: 801-581-6927; FAX 801-585-
3684; E-mail: rickart@umnh.utah.edu
Nancy G. Solomon, Associate Editor, Department of Zoology, Miami University,
Oxford, OH 45056; Ph: 513-529-5454; FAX 513-529-6900; E-mail:
solomong@muohio.edu
Floyd W. Weckerly, Associate Editor, Department of Biology, 106 University Drive,
Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX 78666; Ph: 512-245-3353; FAX
512-245-8713; E-mail: fw11@txstate.edu
David W. Weller, Associate Editor, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA,
Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037;
Ph: 858-546-5674; FAX 858-546-5657; E-mail: dave.weller@noaa.gov
Emily Kemmeter, Managing Editor, Allen Press, Inc., 810 East 10th Street, Lawrence,
KS 66044; Ph: 1-800-627-0629, ext. 129; FAX 785-843-1244; E-mail:
ekemmeter@allenpress.com
Mammalian Species and Special Publications
Virginia Hayssen, Editor for Mammalian Species, Department of Biology, Smith
College, Northampton, MA 01063; Ph: 413-585-3856; FAX: 413-585-3786; E-mail:
vhayssen@science.smith.edu
Lui Marinelli, Associate Editor for Mammalian Species, Department of Renewable
Resources, Selkirk College, PO Box 1200, Castlegar, BC, Canada VIN 3J1; Ph: 250-365-
7292 ext. 269; E-mail: lmarinelli@selkirk.bc.ca
Gail Michener, Associate Editor for Mammalian Species, Department of Biological
Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, TlK 3M4, CANADA; Ph: 403-329-2568;
FAX 403-329-2082; E-mail: michener@uleth.ca
Joseph F. Merritt, Editor for Special Publications, Powdermill Biological Station,
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Box 453, Rector, PA 15677; Ph: 724-593-2221;
FAX 724-593-6570; E-mail: jmerritt@westol.com
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