The journal‘s language is English. British English or American English spelling andterminology may be used, but either one should be followed consistently throughout thearticle. Leave adequate margins on all sides to allow reviewers‘ remarks. Please double−space all material, including notes and references. Quotations of more than 40 words should be set off clearly, either by indenting the left−hand margin or by using asmaller typeface. Use double quotation marks for direct quotations and single quotation marks for quotations within quotations and for words or phrases used in a special sense.
Number the pages consecutively with the first page containing:
- running head (shortened title)
- title
- author(s)
- affiliation(s)
- full address for correspondence, including telephone and fax number and e−mail address
Abstract
- Please provide a short abstract of 100 to 250 words. The abstract should not contain anyundefined abbreviations or unspecified references.
Key words
- Please provide 5 to 10 key words or short phrases in alphabetical order.
Abbreviations
- Abbreviations and their explanations should be collected in a list.
Symbols and units
- Please use the recommended SI units.
Nomenclature
- The correct names of organisms conforming with the international rules of nomenclaturemust be used. Descriptions of new taxa should not be submitted unless a specimen hasbeen deposited in a recognized collection and it is designated as a type strain in the paper.Biodiversity and Conservation uses the same conventions for the genetics nomenclature of bacteria, viruses, transposable elements, plasmids and restriction enzymes as the American Society for Microbiology journals.
Figures
All photographs, graphs and diagrams should be referred to as a 'Figure' and they should be numbered consecutively (1, 2, etc.). Multi-part figures ought to be labelled with lower case letters (a, b, etc.). Please insert keys and scale bars directly in the figures. Relatively small text and great variation in text sizes within figures should be avoided as figures are often reduced in size. Figures may be sized to fit approximately within the column(s) of the journal. Provide a detailed legend (without abbreviations) to each figure, refer to the figure in the text and note its approximate location in the margin. Please place the legends in the manuscript after the references.
Tables
Each table should be numbered consecutively (1, 2, etc.). In tables, footnotes are preferable to long explanatory material in either the heading or body of the table. Such explanatory footnotes, identified by superscript letters, should be placed immediately below the table. Please provide a caption (without abbreviations) to each table, refer to the table in the text and note its approximate location in the margin. Finally, please place the tables after the figure legends in the manuscript.
Section headings
- First−, second−, third−, and fourth−order headings should be clearly distinguishable butnot numbered.
Appendices
- Supplementary material should be collected in an Appendix and placed before the Notesand Reference sections.
Notes
- Please use endnotes rather than footnotes. Notes should be indicated by consecutivesuperscript numbers in the
text and listed at the end of the article before the References.A source reference note should be indicated by means of an asterisk after the title. Thisnote should be placed at the bottom of the first page.
Cross−referencing
- In the text, a reference identified by means of an author‘s name should be followed by thedate of the reference in parentheses and page number(s) where appropriate. When thereare more than two authors, only the first author‘s name should be mentioned, followedby ‘et al‘. In the event that an author cited has had two or more works published duringthe same year, the reference, both in the text and in the reference list, should be identifiedby a lower case letter like ‘a‘ and ‘b‘ after the date to distinguish the works.
- Examples:
Winograd (1986, p. 204)
(Winograd 1986a, b)
(Winograd 1986; Flores et al. 1988)
(Bullen and Bennett 1990)
Acknowledgements
- Acknowledgements of people, grants, funds, etc. should be placed in a separate sectionbefore the References.
References
1. Journal article:
Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L et al (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325–329
2. Inclusion of issue number (optional):
Saunders DS (1976) The biological clock of insects. Sci Am 234(2):114–121
3. Journal issue with issue editor:
Smith J (ed) (1998) Rodent genes. Mod Genomics J 14(6):126–233
4. Journal issue with no issue editor:
Mod Genomics J (1998) Rodent genes. Mod Genomics J 14(6):126–233
5. Book chapter:
Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
6. Book, authored:
South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London
7. Book, edited:
Smith J, Brown B (eds) (2001) The demise of modern genomics. Blackwell, London
8. Chapter in a book in a series without volume titles:
Schmidt H (1989) Testing results. In: Hutzinger O (ed) Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 2E. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 111
9. Chapter in a book in a series with volume title:
Smith SE (1976) Neuromuscular blocking drugs in man. In: Zaimis E (ed) Neuromuscular junction. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 42. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp593–660
10. Proceedings as a book (in a series and subseries):
Zowghi D et al (1996) A framework for reasoning about requirements in evolution. In: Foo N, Goebel R (eds) PRICAI'96: topics in artificial intelligence. 4th Pacific Rim conference on artificial intelligence, Cairns, August 1996. Lecture notes in computer science (Lecture notes in artificial intelligence), vol 1114. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 157
11. Proceedings with an editor (without a publisher):
Aaron M (1999) The future of genomics. In: Williams H (ed) Proceedings of the genomic researchers, Boston, 1999
12. Proceedings without an editor (without a publisher):
Chung S-T, Morris RL (1978) Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. In: Abstracts of the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978
13. Paper presented at a conference:
Chung S-T, Morris RL (1978) Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. Paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978
14. Patent:
Name and date of patent are optional
Norman LO (1998) Lightning rods. US Patent 4,379,752, 9 Sept 1998
15. Dissertation:
Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California
16. Institutional author (book):
International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1966) Nomina anatomica. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
17. Non-English publication cited in an English publication:
Wolf GH, Lehman P-F (1976) Atlas der Anatomie, vol 4/3, 4th edn. Fischer, Berlin. [NB: Use the language of the primary document, not that of the reference for "vol" etc.!]
18. Non-Latin alphabet publication:
The English translation is optional.
Marikhin VY, Myasnikova LP (1977) Nadmolekulyarnaya struktura polimerov (The supramolecular structure of polymers). Khimiya, Leningrad
19. Published and In press articles with or without DOI:
19.1 In press
Wilson M et al (2006) References. In: Wilson M (ed) Style manual. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (in press)
19.2. Article by DOI (with page numbers)
Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med 78:74–80. DOI 10.1007/s001090000086
19.3. Article by DOI (before issue publication with page numbers)
Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med (in press). DOI 10.1007/s001090000086
19.4. Article in electronic journal by DOI (no paginated version)
Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig J Mol Med. DOI 10.1007/s801090000086
20. Internet publication/Online document
Doe J (1999) Title of subordinate document. In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry.Available via DIALOG. http://www.rsc.org/dose/title of subordinate document. Cited 15 Jan 1999
20.1. Online database
Healthwise Knowledgebase (1998) US Pharmacopeia, Rockville. http://www.healthwise.org. Cited 21 Sept 1998
Supplementary material/private homepage
Doe J (2000) Title of supplementary material. http://www.privatehomepage.com. Cited 22 Feb 2000
University site
Doe J (1999) Title of preprint. http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/mydata.html. Cited 25 Dec 1999
FTP site
Doe J (1999) Trivial HTTP, RFC2169. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2169.txt. Cited 12 Nov 1999
Organization site
ISSN International Centre (1999) Global ISSN database. http://www.issn.org. Cited 20 Feb 2000
刊名字顺( Alphabetical List of Journals):
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